Creating an Enum

Enumerations are created using the class syntax, which makes them easy to read and write. An alternative creation method is described in Functional API. To define an enumeration, subclass Enum as follows:

>>> from enum import Enum
>>> class Color(Enum):
...     red = 1
...     green = 2
...     blue = 3

A note on nomenclature: we call Color an enumeration (or enum) and Color.red, Color.green are enumeration members (or enum members). Enumeration members also have values (the value of Color.red is 1, etc.)

Enumeration members have human readable string representations:

>>> print(Color.red)
Color.red

…while their repr has more information:

>>> print(repr(Color.red))
<Color.red: 1>

The type of an enumeration member is the enumeration it belongs to:

>>> type(Color.red)
<Enum 'Color'>
>>> isinstance(Color.green, Color)
True
>>>

Enums also have a property that contains just their item name:

>>> print(Color.red.name)
red

Enumerations support iteration, in definition order:

>>> class Shake(Enum):
...   vanilla = 7
...   chocolate = 4
...   cookies = 9
...   mint = 3
...
>>> for shake in Shake:
...   print(shake)
...
Shake.vanilla
Shake.chocolate
Shake.cookies
Shake.mint

Enumeration members are hashable, so they can be used in dictionaries and sets:

>>> apples = {}
>>> apples[Color.red] = 'red delicious'
>>> apples[Color.green] = 'granny smith'
>>> apples
{<Color.red: 1>: 'red delicious', <Color.green: 2>: 'granny smith'}

Programmatic access to enumeration members

Sometimes it’s useful to access members in enumerations programmatically (i.e. situations where Color.red won’t do because the exact color is not known at program-writing time). Enum allows such access:

>>> Color(1)
<Color.red: 1>
>>> Color(3)
<Color.blue: 3>

If you want to access enum members by name, use item access:

>>> Color['red']
<Color.red: 1>
>>> Color['green']
<Color.green: 2>

Duplicating enum members and values

Having two enum members with the same name is invalid:

>>> class Shape(Enum):
...   square = 2
...   square = 3
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Attempted to reuse key: square

However, two enum members are allowed to have the same value. Given two members A and B with the same value (and A defined first), B is an alias to A. By-value lookup of the value of A and B will return A. By-name lookup of B will also return A:

>>> class Shape(Enum):
...   square = 2
...   diamond = 1
...   circle = 3
...   alias_for_square = 2
...
>>> Shape.square
<Shape.square: 2>
>>> Shape.alias_for_square
<Shape.square: 2>
>>> Shape(2)
<Shape.square: 2>

Iterating over the members of an enum does not provide the aliases:

>>> list(Shape)
[<Shape.square: 2>, <Shape.diamond: 1>, <Shape.circle: 3>]

The special attribute __members__ is an ordered dictionary mapping names to members. It includes all names defined in the enumeration, including the aliases:

>>> for name, member in Shape.__members__.items():
...   name, member
...
('square', <Shape.square: 2>)
('diamond', <Shape.diamond: 1>)
('circle', <Shape.circle: 3>)
('alias_for_square', <Shape.square: 2>)

The __members__ attribute can be used for detailed programmatic access to the enumeration members. For example, finding all the aliases:

>>> [name for name, member in Shape.__members__.items() if member.name != name]
['alias_for_square']

Comparisons

Enumeration members are compared by identity:

>>> Color.red is Color.red
True
>>> Color.red is Color.blue
False
>>> Color.red is not Color.blue
True

Ordered comparisons between enumeration values are not supported. Enums are not integers (but see IntEnum below):

>>> Color.red < Color.blue
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unorderable types: Color() < Color()

Equality comparisons are defined though:

>>> Color.blue == Color.red
False
>>> Color.blue != Color.red
True
>>> Color.blue == Color.blue
True

Comparisons against non-enumeration values will always compare not equal (again, IntEnum was explicitly designed to behave differently, see below):

>>> Color.blue == 2
False

Allowed members and attributes of enumerations

The examples above use integers for enumeration values. Using integers is short and handy (and provided by default by the Functional API), but not strictly enforced. In the vast majority of use-cases, one doesn’t care what the actual value of an enumeration is. But if the value is important, enumerations can have arbitrary values.

Enumerations are Python classes, and can have methods and special methods as usual. If we have this enumeration:

class Mood(Enum):
  funky = 1
  happy = 3

  def describe(self):
    # self is the member here
    return self.name, self.value

  def __str__(self):
    return 'my custom str! {0}'.format(self.value)

  @classmethod
  def favorite_mood(cls):
    # cls here is the enumeration
    return cls.happy

Then:

>>> Mood.favorite_mood()
<Mood.happy: 3>
>>> Mood.happy.describe()
('happy', 3)
>>> str(Mood.funky)
'my custom str! 1'

The rules for what is allowed are as follows: all attributes defined within an enumeration will become members of this enumeration, with the exception of __dunder__ names and descriptors [9]; methods are descriptors too.

Restricted subclassing of enumerations

Subclassing an enumeration is allowed only if the enumeration does not define any members. So this is forbidden:

>>> class MoreColor(Color):
...   pink = 17
...
TypeError: Cannot extend enumerations

But this is allowed:

>>> class Foo(Enum):
...   def some_behavior(self):
...     pass
...
>>> class Bar(Foo):
...   happy = 1
...   sad = 2
...

The rationale for this decision was given by Guido in [6]. Allowing to subclass enums that define members would lead to a violation of some important invariants of types and instances. On the other hand, it makes sense to allow sharing some common behavior between a group of enumerations, and subclassing empty enumerations is also used to implement IntEnum.

IntEnum

A variation of Enum is proposed which is also a subclass of int. Members of an IntEnum can be compared to integers; by extension, integer enumerations of different types can also be compared to each other:

>>> from enum import IntEnum
>>> class Shape(IntEnum):
...   circle = 1
...   square = 2
...
>>> class Request(IntEnum):
...   post = 1
...   get = 2
...
>>> Shape == 1
False
>>> Shape.circle == 1
True
>>> Shape.circle == Request.post
True

However they still can’t be compared to Enum:

>>> class Shape(IntEnum):
...   circle = 1
...   square = 2
...
>>> class Color(Enum):
...   red = 1
...   green = 2
...
>>> Shape.circle == Color.red
False

IntEnum values behave like integers in other ways you’d expect:

>>> int(Shape.circle)
1
>>> ['a', 'b', 'c'][Shape.circle]
'b'
>>> [i for i in range(Shape.square)]
[0, 1]

For the vast majority of code, Enum is strongly recommended, since IntEnum breaks some semantic promises of an enumeration (by being comparable to integers, and thus by transitivity to other unrelated enumerations). It should be used only in special cases where there’s no other choice; for example, when integer constants are replaced with enumerations and backwards compatibility is required with code that still expects integers.

Other derived enumerations

IntEnum will be part of the enum module. However, it would be very simple to implement independently:

class IntEnum(int, Enum):
    pass

This demonstrates how similar derived enumerations can be defined, for example a StrEnum that mixes in str instead of int.

Some rules:

1. When subclassing Enum, mix-in types must appear before Enum itself in the sequence of bases, as in the IntEnum example above.
2. While Enum can have members of any type, once you mix in an additional type, all the members must have values of that type, e.g. int above. This restriction does not apply to mix-ins which only add methods and don’t specify another data type such as int or str.

Pickling

Enumerations can be pickled and unpickled:

>>> from enum.tests.fruit import Fruit
>>> from pickle import dumps, loads
>>> Fruit.tomato is loads(dumps(Fruit.tomato))
True

The usual restrictions for pickling apply: picklable enums must be defined in the top level of a module, since unpickling requires them to be importable from that module.

Functional API

The Enum class is callable, providing the following functional API:

>>> Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ant bee cat dog')
>>> Animal
<Enum 'Animal'>
>>> Animal.ant
<Animal.ant: 1>
>>> Animal.ant.value
1
>>> list(Animal)
[<Animal.ant: 1>, <Animal.bee: 2>, <Animal.cat: 3>, <Animal.dog: 4>]

The semantics of this API resemble namedtuple. The first argument of the call to Enum is the name of the enumeration. Pickling enums created with the functional API will work on CPython and PyPy, but for IronPython and Jython you may need to specify the module name explicitly as follows:

>>> Animals = Enum('Animals', 'ant bee cat dog', module=__name__)

The second argument is the source of enumeration member names. It can be a whitespace-separated string of names, a sequence of names, a sequence of 2-tuples with key/value pairs, or a mapping (e.g. dictionary) of names to values. The last two options enable assigning arbitrary values to enumerations; the others auto-assign increasing integers starting with 1. A new class derived from Enum is returned. In other words, the above assignment to Animal is equivalent to:

>>> class Animals(Enum):
...   ant = 1
...   bee = 2
...   cat = 3
...   dog = 4

The reason for defaulting to 1 as the starting number and not 0 is that 0 is False in a boolean sense, but enum members all evaluate to True.

flufl.enum

flufl.enum was the reference implementation upon which this PEP was originally based. Eventually, it was decided against the inclusion of flufl.enum because its design separated enumeration members from enumerations, so the former are not instances of the latter. Its design also explicitly permits subclassing enumerations for extending them with more members (due to the member/enum separation, the type invariants are not violated in flufl.enum with such a scheme).

Not having to specify values for enums

Michael Foord proposed (and Tim Delaney provided a proof-of-concept implementation) to use metaclass magic that makes this possible:

class Color(Enum):
    red, green, blue

The values get actually assigned only when first looked up.

Pros: cleaner syntax that requires less typing for a very common task (just listing enumeration names without caring about the values).

Cons: involves much magic in the implementation, which makes even the definition of such enums baffling when first seen. Besides, explicit is better than implicit.

Using special names or forms to auto-assign enum values

A different approach to avoid specifying enum values is to use a special name or form to auto assign them. For example:

class Color(Enum):
    red = None          # auto-assigned to 0
    green = None        # auto-assigned to 1
    blue = None         # auto-assigned to 2

More flexibly:

class Color(Enum):
    red = 7
    green = None        # auto-assigned to 8
    blue = 19
    purple = None       # auto-assigned to 20

Some variations on this theme:

1. A special name auto imported from the enum package.
2. Georg Brandl proposed ellipsis (...) instead of None to achieve the same effect.

Pros: no need to manually enter values. Makes it easier to change the enum and extend it, especially for large enumerations.

Cons: actually longer to type in many simple cases. The argument of explicit vs. implicit applies here as well.